Automated fluid handling system

ABSTRACT

Automated fluid handling system comprising a housing and two or more fluid handling units arranged as interchangeable modular components with an external fluidics section and an internal non fluidics section, and wherein the housing comprises a liquid handling panel with two or more of component positions for receiving said interchangeable modular components such that the external fluidics section is separated from the non fluidics section by the liquid handling panel.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to the art of fluid handling systemsystems, and in particular to an automated fluid handling system that ishighly flexible and configurable. The fluid handling system may e.g. bea liquid chromatography system, a filtration system, a chemicalsynthesis system or the like.

There is a large range of fluid handling systems e.g. in laboratories.Such systems comprise a number of fluid handling units, e.g. one or morepumps, valves, mixers, sensor units etc of different types. Said fluidhandling units are interconnected by fluid conduits in the form of,rigid or flexible tubes or the like. Even though some systems may bedesigned for a specific type of application with a specific flow path,there often exists a need for flexibility and ability to alter oroptimize the fluid flow path of the system. Moreover, upgrading is oftenrestricted to specific kits provided by the manufacturer, and upgradekits often is supplied as external add-on equipment to be arrangedbesides the original system, thus enlarging the foot print of the systemand that need to be connected to the system both fluidically andelectrically (i.e. to a system control bus or the like). Moreover,replacement of defect fluid handling units is a time consuming anddelicate task.

One type of liquid handling system is liquid chromatography systemswhich is a standard method in laboratories, and there are a broad rangeof liquid chromatography systems available on the market. Common to mostof the present systems is the lack of flexibility in adapting theinstrument to a variety of different applications.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The object of the invention is to provide a new fluid handling system,which system overcomes one or more drawbacks of the prior art. This isachieved by the fluid handling system as defined in the independentclaims.

One advantage with such a fluid handling systems is that the system mayeasily be upgraded without need for add-on equipment, and that the flowpath may be easily optimized for new experimental setups.

Embodiments of the invention are defined in the dependent claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The invention will be described in detail below with reference to thedrawings, in which

FIG. 1 shows one embodiment of a fluid handling system in the form of aliquid chromatography system, according to the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of a housing with a liquid handlingpanel of the fluid handling system of FIG. 1.

FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration of the housing with the liquidhandling panel of FIG. 2 with the modular components of the fluidhandling system removed.

FIGS. 4 a to 4 d are schematic illustrations of examples of componentmodules of the fluid handling system removed.

FIGS. 5 a and 5 b show a schematic embodiment of an automated fluidhandling system.

FIG. 6 is a schematic illustration of an embodiment of a housing with amodular liquid handling panel with the modular components of the fluidhandling system removed.

FIGS. 7 a and 7 b are schematic illustrations of an embodiment of amodular housing with a liquid handling panel with the modular componentsof the fluid handling system removed.

FIG. 8 is a schematic illustration of an embodiment of the systemarchitecture of one embodiment of a fluid handling system according tothe present invention.

FIG. 9 is a schematic illustration of an embodiment of a master controlunit of one embodiment of a fluid handling system according to thepresent invention.

FIG. 10 is a schematic illustration of one embodiment of a fluidicinterconnection arrangement between the modular components of the liquidhandling panel for the liquid chromatography system of FIG. 1.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

According to one embodiment, there is provided an automated fluidhandling system comprising a housing and two or more fluid handlingunits arranged as interchangeable modular components with an externalfluidics section and an internal non fluidics section, and wherein thehousing comprises a liquid handling panel with two or more of componentpositions for receiving said interchangeable modular components suchthat the external fluidics section is separated from the non fluidicssection by the liquid handling panel.

According to another embodiment, there is provided a fluid handlingsystem in the form of a liquid chromatography system comprising ahousing, two or more high pressure pumps, at least one sensor unit and aplurality of fluid control valves of at least two differentconfigurations, wherein at least the fluid control valves are arrangedas interchangeable modular components and the housing comprises a liquidhandling panel with a plurality of component positions for receivingsaid modular components.

FIG. 1 shows one embodiment of an automated fluid handling systemmodular in the form of a liquid chromatography system, with a pluralityof interchangeable modular components arranged in a liquid handlingpanel wherein the reference numbers denotes:

-   -   1. Injection valve    -   2. Column valve with integrated pressure sensors    -   3. Conductivity monitor    -   4. UV monitor    -   5. Quaternary valve    -   6. Inlet valve B with integrated air sensor    -   7. System pump    -   8. Pressure monitor, system pump    -   9. Inlet valve A with integrated air sensor    -   10. System pump    -   11. Pressure monitor, sample pump    -   12. Sample pump    -   13. Rinsing system    -   14. Mixer with online filter    -   15. Sample inlet valve with integrated air sensor    -   16. Flow restrictor    -   17. pH valve    -   18. Outlet valve

The disclosed embodiment is supplied with three high precision pumps 7,10, 12. There are two System pumps 7, 10, System pump A 10 and Systempump B 7, and one Sample pump 12. The System pumps 7, 10 may be usedindividually, or in combination to generate isocratic or gradientelution in purification methods. The Sample pump 12 is dedicated fordirect loading of sample onto a column, or for filling of sample loops.

Function of the pumps:

Each pump module consists of two pump heads (not shown). The individualheads are identical but actuated in opposite phase to each other byindividual stepper motors, controlled by a microprocessor. The twopistons and pump heads work alternately to give a continuous, lowpulsation, liquid delivery. The flow rate of the two System pumps may bevaried between about 0.001 ml/min and 25.000 ml/min and the maximumoperating pressure is about 20 MPa. The flow rate of the Sample pump maye.g. be varied between 0.01 and 25 ml/min and according to oneembodiment the maximum operating pressure is 10 MPa.

According to one embodiment, the plurality of fluid control valves of atleast two different configurations are valves of rotary type. Such amotorized rotary valve may consist of a Valve head with a number ofdefined bores with channels to the inlet and outlet ports of the valve.The Rotary disc, mounted on the motor, has a number of defined channels.The pattern of channels of the Rotary disc together with the pattern andlocation of the ports of the Valve head, define the flow path andfunction of each type of valve. When the Rotary disc turns, the flowpath in the valve changes.

One embodiment of fluid control valves are Inlet valves A and B (9, 6respectively) that are used to select which buffers or samples to use ina run, and Sample inlet valve 15 that is located before Sample pump 12.Inlet valve A 9 1 is located before System pump A 10, Inlet valve B 6 islocated before System pump B 10, and Sample inlet valve 15 is locatedbefore Sample pump 12. Inlet valve A and Inlet valve B are connected toanother embodiment of a fluid control valve in the form of a Quaternaryvalve 5. The Quaternary valve is used for automatic buffer preparation,and for formation of quartenary gradients. The number of inlets can beincreased by installing component modules with extra inlet valves. Inletvalve A and Inlet valve B enable automatic changing between differentbuffers and wash solutions, and can be used to generate gradients bymixing buffer A and buffer B. The air sensors integrated in Inlet valveA and Inlet valve B can be used to prevent introduction of air into thepumps and columns.

The Quarternary valve is used for automatic mixing of four differentsolutions. The Quaternary valve opens one inlet port at a time, and thediffent solutions are mixed in a Mixer 14 to form the desired buffer.The opening time in the switching valve is controlled by the system. Thevolume for each inlet port opening increases stepwise when the flowincreases. To obtain a homogeneous buffer composition, one has to makesure to use a mixer chamber volume suitable for the flow rate of themethod.

The Quaternary valve can be used to create a gradient using fourdifferent solutions simultaneously in any combination. The percentage ofeach solution is controlled by instructions in the method. It ispossible to form gradients that changes the percentage of two, three orfour solutions linearly over time. This is useful when advanced methodsare developed.

The Sample inlet valve 15 enables automatic loading of different sampleswhen using the Sample pump 12 to inject sample directly onto the columnor to fill a sample loop. The Sample inlet valve has an inlet dedicatedfor buffer. This Buffer inlet is used in methods to fill the Sample pumpwith solution before sample is introduced. The Buffer inlet is also usedto wash the Sample pump with buffer between runs. The air sensorintegrated in the Sample inlet valve is e.g. used when sample is appliedfrom a vessel onto a column by selecting Inject all sample using airsensor in the Sample application phase of a method. This function usesthe Buffer inlet is used to finalize sample injection and to remove airfrom the Sample pump.

Still another embodiment of fluid control valve may be an Injectionvalve 1, which is used to direct sample onto the column. The valveenables usage of a number of different sample application techniques. Asample loop can be connected to the Injection valve and filled eitherautomatically using the Sample pump or manually using a syringe. Thesample can also be injected directly onto the column using the Samplepump.

Still another embodiment of fluid control valve may be a Column valve 2that is used for connection of columns to the system, and to direct theflow onto the column Up to five columns can be connected to thedisclosed embodiment of said valve simultaneously. The valve also has abuilt-in bypass capillary that enables bypassing of connected columns

The number of column positions can be increased by installing an extraColumn valve. Both top and bottom of each column shall be connected tothe Column valve. The top of the column shall be connected to one of theA ports (e.g., 1A), and the bottom of the column shall be connected tothe corresponding B port (e.g., 1B). The flow direction can be seteither from the top of the column to the bottom of the column, Downflow, or from the bottom of the column to the top of the column, Upflow. In the default flow path of the Column valve the columns arebypassed. Pressure monitors that measures the actual pressure over thecolumn are integrated into the inlet and outlet ports of the Columnvalve.

Still another embodiment of fluid control valve may be a pH valve 17that has an integrated flow cell where a pH electrode can be installed.This enables in-line monitoring of pH during the run. A flow restrictoris connected to the pH valve and can be included in the flow path togenerate a backpressure high enough to prevent formation of air bubblesin the UV flow cell. The pH valve is used to direct the flow to the pHelectrode and to the flow restrictor, or to bypass one or both.

Still another embodiment of fluid control valve may be an Outlet valve18 that is used to direct the flow to a Fraction collector (not shown),to any of e.g. 10 outlet ports, or to waste. The number of outlets canbe increased by installing an extra Outlet valve.

A Mixer 14 may e.g. be located after System pump A and System pump B andbefore the Injection valve. The purpose of the Mixer is to make surethat the buffers from the System pumps are mixed to give a homogenousbuffer composition. The Mixer has a built-in filter that preventsimpurities from entering the flow path.

To fulfill a desired purpose, with the disclosed liquid chromatographysystem it is possible to adapt and extend the flow path in a simple anda flexible way. Up to three extra fluid control valves or the like canbe installed using the free valve positions. Dummy modules are installedin these positions at delivery. To obtain an optional flow path, it isalso possible to move the standard fluid control valves to otherpositions. There are also two types of extra air sensors available whichcan be installed before Sample inlet valve or after Injection valve.

In the configuration disclosed in FIG. 1, 7 inlets are available foreach inlet valve. To increase the number of inlets, an extra inlet valvecan be installed which increases the number of inlets to 14 for one ofthe valves. This optional configuration can be convenient for examplewhen a larger number of samples will be used. There is also a generaltype of inlet valve, Valve X, which can be used to increase the numberof inlets to for example the Quaternary valve.

In the configuration disclosed in FIG. 1 with one column valve, 5 columnpositions are available. To increase the number of column positions to10, an additional column valve can be installed in the instrument. Anapplication can be to evaluate a number of different columns in methodoptimization.

In the configuration disclosed in FIG. 1 with one outlet valve, 10outlet positions are available. To increase the number of outlets, oneor two extra outlet valves can be connected, adding up to a total of 21or 32 outlet positions. This optional configuration is convenient whencollecting a number of large fractions outside the fraction collector.

Optional modules are easy to install in the disclosed modular liquidchromatography system. The dummy module is removed with a hexagon wrenchand a bus cable is disconnected. The bus cable is connected to theoptional fluid control valve or the like which is assembled in theinstrument. The module is then added to the System properties in thecontrol software. The available optional modules may e.g. bepre-configured to give the desired function. However, the function of avalve may e.g. be changed by changing the Node ID.

FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of a housing 20 with a liquidhandling panel 22 of the fluid handling system in the form of a modularliquid chromatography system 100 of FIG. 1. In FIG. 2 some componentshave been removed for clarity reasons. In the disclosed configuration,as disclosed in detail above, the modular liquid chromatography system100 comprises a plurality of fluid control valves in the form of:Injection valve 1, Column valve 2, Quaternary valve 5, Inlet valve B 6,Inlet valve A 9, Sample inlet valve 15, pH valve 17, and Outlet valve18. The chromatography system 100 further comprises UV monitor 4, Systempump B 7, System pump A 10, Sample pump 12, Mixer 14, and three Dummymodules 24. According to one embodiment, all liquid handling componentsand sensors arranged at the liquid handling panel 22 are designed to bereadily interchangeable. The interchangeability provides improvedservice and upgrade possibilities and also a possibility to customizethe positions of the respective liquid handling components, such as thefluid control valves, e.g. in order to optimize the fluid path for aspecific experimental setup. As is illustrated in FIG. 2, there arethree large component positions e.g. for pump modules, one UV-sensorposition and 9 standard component positions, e.g. for fluid controlvalves or the like. The component positions are given a standardizedsize and shape to provide simple interchangeability. According to oneembodiment, each modular component is retained in a mating componentposition by a single screw, and it is connected to the master controlunit by a single bus cable providing both communication and system powerto each component. FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration of the housingwith the liquid handling panel of FIG. 2 with the modular components ofthe liquid chromatography system removed.

FIGS. 4 a to 4 d are schematic illustrations of examples of fluidhandling units in the form of modular component of the fluid handlingsystem removed. FIG. 4 a shows a standard interchangeable modularcomponent 26, e.g. a fluid control valve or the like. The standardcomponent module 26 comprises a panel member 28, an external fluidicssection 30 and an internal non-fluidics section 32. According to oneembodiment, the panel member 28 essentially separates the fluidics inthe external fluidics section 30 from electronics and control means inthe internal non-fluidics section 32.

FIG. 4 b shows a Dummy module 24, which is intended to be placed in nonused standard component positions. In the disclosed embodiment, theDummy modules are provided with mounting grooves for attachment ofaccessories to the system. In the disclosed embodiment the dummy moduleis shown as a panel member 28 without any internal section FIGS. 4 c and4 d shows a pump module and an UV-module, respectively, each having anexternal fluidics section 30 and an internal non-fluidics section 32.

As is disclosed in FIGS. 4 a to 4 d, the interchangeable modularcomponents 26 comprises a panel member arranged to separate the fluidicssection from the non fluidics section and for attachment to a componentposition in the liquid handling panel. Said panel attachment member maybe arranged so that all fluid connections of said modular component arearranged on a wet side of the panel attachment member separating themfrom electrical components that are arranged on a dry side thereof,hence providing a high degree of liquid resistance at the external partof the fluid handling panel, and so that the liquid resistancerequirements for the internal sections may be somewhat lightened.According to one embodiment, the interchangeable modular components aresealed against the liquid handling panel by a sealing member. Accordingto another embodiment, not shown, the modular component does notcomprise any panel member, but there is provided a suitable sealingarrangement between the component position openings of the liquidhandling panel and the external surface of the interchangeable modularcomponents 26. In the disclosed embodiments, the component positionopenings of the liquid handling panel and the interchangeable modularcomponents 26 are shown to have an essentially rectangular crossectionalshape, but other shapes may be equally applicable. According to oneembodiment, there is provided a general fluid handling system comprisinga housing and two or more fluid handling units arranged asinterchangeable modular components as is schematically disclosed in FIG.5 a. As discussed above such a system may be configured for essentiallyany type of automated liquid handling operations provided that suitablefluid handling units are provided as interchangeable modular componentsfor the system. According to one embodiment there is provided anautomated fluid handling system comprising at least one fluid pump, atleast one sensor unit and two or more fluid control valves of at leasttwo different configurations, wherein at least the fluid control valvesare arranged as interchangeable modular components.

The liquid handling panel 22 of the fluid handling system may e.g. bedesigned in any suitable manner to allow the modular components to bearranged in an efficient manner.

FIGS. 5 a and 5 b shows a schematic embodiment of an automated fluidhandling system wherein the housing 20 comprises an internal climatepanel 29 arranged at a distance behind the liquid handling panel 22defining an air inlet compartment 35 and air outlet compartment 37 inthe housing 20, the climate panel 29 being provided with complementarycomponent positions 39 for receiving the internal non fluidics section32 of the interchangeable modular components 26, and wherein thenon-fluidics section 32 of at least one interchangeable modularcomponent is provided with one or more air inlet openings 31 located inthe air inlet compartment 35 and one or more air outlet openings 33located in the air outlet compartment 37 when the interchangeablemodular component arranged in position in the component position. FIG. 5b shows the fluid handling system of FIG. 5 a in a schematic crosssectional view. As is indicated by inlet vent 41 and outlet vent 43, airfor cooling interchangeable modular components 26 provided with airinlet and outlet openings 31, 33 is preferably arranged to enter the airinlet compartment 35 at a distance from the outlet vent 43 in order toavoid recirculation of air. The air circulation in the system may beachieved by a system cooling unit (not shown) providing a flow of airfrom the air inlet compartment 35 to the air outlet compartment 37,through the at least one interchangeable modular component 26.Alternatively, the at least one interchangeable modular component 26 isprovided with a local cooling unit (not shown) providing a flow of airfrom the air inlet compartment 35 to the air outlet compartment 37. Asis indicated, the complementary component positions 39 are arranged toprovide a relatively air flow tight fit with respect to the internal nonfluidics section 32 of the interchangeable modular components 26, andaccording to one embodiment, this may be achieved by a sealingarrangement. In FIG. 5 b, there is shown a sealing member 45 for sealingthe interchangeable modular components 26 with respect to the liquidhandling panel 22, as discussed above. Other sealing member arrangementsmay be envisaged by a person skilled in the art. According to oneembodiment, fluids are strictly restricted to the fluidics section 30 ofthe interchangeable modular component 26, but in alternativeembodiments, only fluid connections are restricted to the fluidicssection 30 allowing fluid to “cross” the fluid handling panel inside thenon-fluidics section 30 of the interchangeable modular component 26.

In FIG. 5 b there is further shown a master control unit 40 and bussconnectors 42 for connecting the interchangeable modular components 26to the master control unit 40. According to one embodiment, thecomponent positions including the buss connectors 42 and theinterchangeable modular components 26 are of plug and play configurationwith respect to each other.

FIG. 6 is a schematic illustration of an embodiment of a housing 20 witha modular liquid handling panel 22 with the modular components of theliquid chromatography system removed. In the disclosed embodiment, alsothe layout of the liquid handling panel 22 is configurable by means oftwo interchangeable panel sections 34 which may be selected inaccordance with the desired layout of the system. In FIG. 6 twodifferent layouts of the interchangeable panel sections are disclosed,but the layout may include any suitable configuration.

FIGS. 7 a and 7 b are schematic illustrations of an embodiment of amodular housing with a liquid handling panel with the modular componentsof the liquid chromatography system removed. In the disclosedembodiment, the modular housing is comprised of a main housing 36 thatcomprises the master control unit including power supply and climatecontrol for the whole housing, two expansion housing modules 38 and aside member 40. This approach provides very flexible expansionpossibilities for the chromatography system, while preserving thebenefits of a single master control unit including power supply andclimate control.

FIG. 8 is a schematic illustration of an embodiment of the systemarchitecture of one embodiment of a modular liquid chromatography systemaccording to the present invention. As mentioned above, thechromatography system may comprise a master control unit 40 arranged tocommunicate with all modular components e.g. 1-26, over a system bus 42such as a CAN-bus or the like. In one embodiment, each modular componentis provided with a dedicated CPU unit allowing the component toindependently perform operations in response to instructions over theBUS 42. In order to minimize the number of connectors to be attached toeach modular component, the bus 42 further comprises power feed for themodular components. The Bus 42 may be connected to any suitable numberof modular components arranged in the housing 20, but also to one ormore modular components 44 outside of the housing 20 or the like. As ismentioned briefly above, the master control unit may further be arrangedto control the climate in the housing. In addition to the disclosedmodular components, other components of the chromatography system, e.g.a fraction collector or the like, may be arranged in the housing and thecontrolled climate therein.

According to one embodiment, different component modules areautomatically identified by the master control unit, whereby they may bemoved essentially freely between different positions. Moreover, themaster control unit may be arranged to provide said information toChromatography control software whereby experimental setup and planningmay be performed. In one embodiment, the control system may be arrangedto provide an optimized layout of the component modules with respect tothe present layout of the liquid handling panel and available componentmodules for a specific experimental setup.

According to one embodiment, the interchangeable panel sections 34 ofFIG. 5 and the expansion housing modules 38 of FIGS. 6 a and 6 b may beprovided with means for automatic detection of the same to allowautomatic configuration of the system by the master control unit 40. Inone embodiment, each interchangeable panel section 34 and expansionhousing module 38 comprises a hub (not shown) for connection to thesystem bus 42 in order to expand the system bus 42 network to the numberof component modules in each interchangeable panel section 34 orexpansion housing module 38.

FIG. 9 is a schematic illustration of an embodiment of a master controlunit of one embodiment of a modular liquid chromatography systemaccording to the present invention. The master control unit 40 comprisesa system controller 46 for communicating with internal and externalcomponents and control computers (not shown)etc. According to oneembodiment, the system controller comprises a suitable CPU 48, a buscontroller 52, an external communications controller 50, such as a LANunit, and a storage device 54. The bus controller 52 is providingcommunication with the component modules. The master control unit mayfurther comprise a Power supply 56 and a climate controller 58 arrangedto keep the internal climate in the housing 20 at a predetermined levelas discussed above.

FIG. 10 is a schematic illustration of one embodiment of a fluidicinterconnection arrangement between the modular components of the liquidhandling panel. Taking into account the complexity of the disclosedinterconnection arrangement, the benefit of optimizing the fluid pathsin alternative configurations of the system becomes evident. The task ofoptimizing the fluid paths may e.g. be performed to reduce the totallength/volume of the fluid paths/tubing arranged to interconnect thedifferent component modules in the system. Alternatively theoptimization may be performed to minimize the length/volume of one ormore specific fluid paths, such as the sample output path from thecolumn to the fraction collector, in order to minimize dispersion of thefractionized sample.

1. Automated fluid handling system comprising a housing and two or morefluid handling units arranged as interchangeable modular components withan external fluidics section and an internal non fluidics section, andwherein the housing comprises a liquid handling panel with two or moreof component positions for receiving said interchangeable modularcomponents such that the external fluidics section is separated from thenon fluidics section by the liquid handling panel.
 2. The fluid handlingsystem of claim 1, wherein the interchangeable modular componentscomprises a panel member arranged to separate the fluidics section fromthe non fluidics section and for attachment to a component position inthe liquid handling panel.
 3. The fluid handling system of claim 1,wherein the interchangeable modular components are sealed against theliquid handling panel by a sealing member.
 4. The fluid handling systemof claim 1, comprising a master control unit wherein the interchangeablemodular components are connected to the master control unit by a systembus and wherein the component positions and the interchangeable modularcomponents are of plug and play configuration with respect to eachother.
 5. The fluid handling system of claim 1, wherein allinterchangeable modular components are of same size.
 6. The fluidhandling system of claim 1, wherein the interchangeable modularcomponents are of two or more sizes.
 7. The fluid handling system ofclaim 1, comprising at least one fluid pump, at least one sensor unitand two or more fluid control valves of at least two differentconfigurations, wherein at least the fluid control valves are arrangedas interchangeable modular components.
 8. The fluid handling system ofclaim 1, wherein the master control unit comprises a system climatecontroller for controlling the climate in the housing and theinterchangeable modular components.
 9. The fluid handling system ofclaim 1, wherein the housing comprises an internal climate panelarranged at a distance behind the liquid handling panel defining an airinlet compartment and air outlet compartment in the housing, the climatepanel being provided with complementary component positions forreceiving the internal non fluidics section of the interchangeablemodular components, and wherein the non-fluidics section of at least oneinterchangeable modular component is provided with one or more air inletopenings located in the air inlet compartment and one or more air outletopenings located in the air outlet compartment when the interchangeablemodular component arranged in position in the component position. 10.The fluid handling system of claim 9, further comprising a systemcooling unit providing a flow of air from the air inlet compartment tothe air outlet compartment, through said at least one interchangeablemodular component.
 11. The fluid handling system of claim 9, whereinsaid at least one interchangeable modular component is provided with alocal cooling unit providing a flow of air from the air inletcompartment to the air outlet compartment.
 12. The fluid handling systemof claim 1, wherein the system is a liquid chromatography systemarranged to provide a controlled fluid flow through a chromatographycolumn
 13. The fluid handling system of claim 1, wherein the system is aliquid filtration system.
 14. The fluid handling system of claim 1,wherein the system is a chemical synthesis system.